Research Publications

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Beslow LA, Kim H, Hetts SW, Ratjen F, Clancy MS, Gossage JR, Faughnan ME. Brain and lung arteriovenous malformation rescreening practices for children and adults with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2024 Nov 9;19(1):421. doi: 10.1186/s13023-024-03402-8. PMID: 39522006; PMCID: PMC11549847.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an inherited disorder of the blood vessels that can cause excessive bleeding. Patients with HHT are at risk for organ vascular malformations, including arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the brain and lungs. Although HHT guidelines recommend initial screening in children and adults, rescreening is not consistently addressed.

In this study, researchers determined current rescreening practices for brain and lung AVMs in children and adults with HHT. The team surveyed 30 North American HHT Centers of Excellence on rescreening practices for new brain and lung AVMs in patients with initial negative screening.

Results show that most HHT Centers of Excellence routinely rescreen children for brain and lung AVMs and adults for lung AVMs when initial screening is negative. However, adults are infrequently rescreened for brain AVMs. Authors note that long-term data regarding risk for new brain and lung AVMs are required to establish practice guidelines for rescreening.

Beslow LA, Krings T, Kim H, Hetts SW, Lawton MT, Ratjen F, Whitehead KJ, Gossage JR, McCulloch CE, Clancy M, Bagheri N, Faughnan ME. De Novo Brain Vascular Malformations in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Pediatr Neurol. 2024 Jun;155:120-125. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.03.013. Epub 2024 Mar 22. PMID: 38631080; PMCID: PMC11102835.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an inherited disorder of the blood vessels that can cause excessive bleeding. About 10% of individuals with HHT have brain vascular malformations, which occur when the blood vessels in the brain develop abnormally. Children with HHT are screened for brain vascular malformations upon initial diagnosis, and many North American centers rescreen children for brain vascular malformations at interval throughout childhood. However, not much is known about whether people with HHT can develop new brain vascular malformations over time.

In this study, researchers investigated the formation of new brain vascular malformations in patients with HHT. The team analyzed data from 1,909 patients enrolled in the Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium natural history study, searching for brain vascular malformations that were new since previous imaging was performed.

Results showed that 409 patients had brain vascular malformations, with three showing new malformations confirmed by neuroimaging review. These findings demonstrate that patients with HHT can form new brain vascular malformations over time, though this is probably a rare occurrence. Authors note that more information about the frequency of new brain vascular malformation formation is needed.

Frias-Anaya E, Gallego-Gutierrez H, Gongol B, Weinsheimer S, Lai CC, Orecchioni M, Sriram A, Bui CM, Nelsen B, Hale P, Pham A, Shenkar R, DeBiasse D, Lightle R, Girard R, Li Y, Srinath A, Daneman R, Nudleman E, Sun H, Guma M, Dubrac A, Mesarwi OA, Ley K, Kim H, Awad IA, Ginsberg MH, Lopez-Ramirez MA. Mild Hypoxia Accelerates Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Disease Through CX3CR1-CX3CL1 Signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2024 Jun;44(6):1246-1264. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.320367. Epub 2024 Apr 25.

Beslow LA, Vossough A, Kim H, Nelson J, Lawton MT, Pollak J, Lin DDM, Ratjen F, Hammill AM, Hetts SW, Gossage JR, Whitehead KJ, Faughnan ME, Krings T; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Brain AVM compactness score in children with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Childs Nerv Syst. 2024 Mar 22. doi: 10.1007/s00381-024-06366-z. Online ahead of print.

Jeong JW, Lee MH, Luat AF, Xuan Y, Haacke EM, Juhász C. Quantification of enlarged deep medullary vein volumes in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2024 Feb 1;14(2):1916-1929. doi: 10.21037/qims-23-1271. Epub 2024 Jan 23. PMID: 38415136; PMCID: PMC10895099.

Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a condition resulting in abnormal blood vessel formation in the brain, eyes, and skin at birth. In patients with SWS, enlarged deep medullary veins—mostly located in the white matter in the brain—may form early and can expand during the first years of life to provide compensatory collateral venous drainage of brain regions affected by leptomeningeal venous malformations localized on the brain surface.

The extent of enlarged deep veins during the early SWS disease course could be an imaging marker of this deep venous remodeling in an attempt to compensate for impaired brain surface venous blood flow. In this prospective imaging study, researchers used brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to develop and optimize a quantitative approach to measure deep vein volumes in the affected brain of young patients with SWS and compare the findings to those of their healthy siblings.

By combining two types of MRI (susceptibility-weighted imaging and volumetric T1 images), the authors were able to measure the volumes of deep veins, which were 10-12 fold higher than venous volumes in their healthy siblings. Greater deep vein volumes were associated with lower cortical surface area of the affected hemisphere, a measure of cortical atrophy. This new analytic approach of brain MRI can provide an objective way to assess the extent of deep venous remodeling in SWS and other disorders affecting the medullary veins of the brain.

Cheng HC, Faughnan ME, terBrugge KG, Liu HM, Krings T; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Investigator Group. Prevalence and Characteristics of Intracranial Aneurysms in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2023 Dec 11;44(12):1367-1372. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A8058. PMID: 38050014; PMCID: PMC10714847.

Kim SJW, Lupo JM, Chen Y, Pampaloni MH, VanBrocklin HF, Narvid J, Kim H, Seo Y. A feasibility study for quantitative assessment of cerebrovascular malformations using flutriciclamide ([(18)F]GE-180) PET/MRI. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Apr 5;10:1091463. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1091463. eCollection 2023.

Kilian A, Latino GA, White AJ, Ratjen F, McDonald J, Whitehead KJ, Gossage JR, Krings T, Lawton MT, Kim H, Faughnan ME, The Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium Hht Investigator Group. Comparing Characteristics and Treatment of Brain Vascular Malformations in Children and Adults with HHT. J Clin Med. 2023 Apr 4;12(7):2704. doi: 10.3390/jcm12072704.

Cannavicci A, Zhang Q, Kutryk MJB. The Potential Role of MiRs-139-5p and -454-3p in Endoglin-Knockdown-Induced Angiogenic Dysfunction in HUVECs. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 3;24(5):4916. doi: 10.3390/ijms24054916.

Weinsheimer S, Nelson J, Abla AA, Ko NU, Tsang C, Okoye O, Zabramski JM, Akers A, Zafar A, Mabray MC, Hart BL, Morrison L, McCulloch CE, Kim H; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Investigator Group. Intracranial Hemorrhage Rate and Lesion Burden in Patients With Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023 Feb 7;12(3):e027572. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.027572. Epub 2023 Jan 25. PMID: 36695309; PMCID: PMC9973654.

Familial cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is an inherited disease characterized by abnormally enlarged spaces in the brain where blood collects near irregularly shaped, enlarged capillaries (tiny blood vessels) which have abnormally thin walls prone to leaking. CCM can cause intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), which can lead to death or long-term neurological damage. However, few studies have focused on ICH rates and risk factors in familial CCM.

In this study, researchers report ICH rates and assess whether CCM lesion burden—a disease severity marker—is associated with risk of symptomatic ICH in familial CCM. The team studied 386 patients with familial CCM with follow‐up data enrolled in the Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium CCM Project.

Results show that patients with familial CCM with a prior history of an ICH event are at higher risk for rehemorrhage during follow‐up. In addition, CCM lesion burden is significantly associated with an increased risk of subsequent symptomatic ICH. Authors note that these findings demonstrate the importance of lesion burden as a predictor of patient outcomes, which can also help to assess patient risk.

Juhász C, Luat AF, Behen ME, Gjolaj N, Jeong JW, Chugani HT, Kumar A. Deep Venous Remodeling in Unilateral Sturge-Weber Syndrome: Robust Hemispheric Differences and Clinical Correlates. Pediatr Neurol. 2023 Feb;139:49-58. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.11.011. Epub 2022 Nov 25. PMID: 36521316; PMCID: PMC9840672.

Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a condition resulting in abnormal blood vessel development in the brain, eyes, and skin at birth. In patients with SWS, enlarged deep medullary veins (EDMVs)—located in the white matter in the brain—could allow for drainage of brain regions affected by leptomeningeal venous malformations (LVM), a type of vascular malformation of the brain. In this study, researchers evaluated the prevalence, extent, hemispheric differences, and clinical correlates of EDMVs in SWS. Fifty children with SWS underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging that included susceptibility weighted imaging, as well as neurocognitive evaluations. The team then assessed the extent of EDMVs, comparing between patients with right and left hemispheric SWS. Results show that EDMVs are common in SWS. For patients with right hemispheric SWS, extensive EDMVs appear to develop more commonly and earlier than in left hemispheric SWS. Authors note that deep venous remodeling may contribute to better clinical outcomes in some patients with SWS.

Yeom S, Comi AM. Updates on Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Stroke. 2022 Dec;53(12):3769-3779. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.038585. Epub 2022 Oct 20.

Galeffi F, Snellings DA, Wetzel-Strong SE, Kastelic N, Bullock J, Gallione CJ, North PE, Marchuk DA. A novel somatic mutation in GNAQ in a capillary malformation provides insight into molecular pathogenesis. Angiogenesis. 2022 May 30. doi: 10.1007/s10456-022-09841-w. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35635655.

Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a condition resulting in abnormal blood vessel development in the brain, eyes, and skin at birth. A hallmark feature is capillary malformation, also known as a port-wine birthmark (a red, pink, or purple facial birthmark). SWS and capillary malformations are both caused by mutations in the GNAQ gene. In this study, researchers sequenced skin biopsies of capillary malformations from nine patients. They identified the same type of GNAQ mutation (R183Q) in nearly all samples. However, one sample exhibited a new type of GNAQ mutation (Q209R). To explore its effects, the team compared this new mutation with other GNAQ mutations. The authors found that although the different mutations varied in signaling strength, they all had the same effects in cells. Since some of these same mutations are also found in cancer, pharmaceutical companies are working on inhibiting the effects of this gene. Thus, drugs that may work for certain cancers with GNAQ mutations may also work for SWS.

Ananiadis T, Faughnan ME, Clark D, Prabhudesai V, Kim H, Lawton MT, Vozoris NT; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Neurovascular Complications and Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation Feeding Artery Size. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2022 Apr 20. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202202-130RL. Online ahead of print.

Winkler E, Wu D, Gil E, McCoy D, Narsinh K, Sun Z, Mueller K, Ross J, Kim H, Weinsheimer S, Berger M, Nowakowski T, Lim D, Abla A, Cooke D. Endoluminal Biopsy for Molecular Profiling of Human Brain Vascular Malformations. Neurology. 2022 Apr 19;98(16):e1637-e1647. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200109. Epub 2022 Feb 10.

Cannavicci A, Zhang Q, Faughnan ME, Kutryk MJB. MicroRNA-132-3p, Downregulated in Myeloid Angiogenic Cells from Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Patients, Is Enriched in the TGFβ and PI3K/AKT Signalling Pathways. Genes (Basel). 2022 Apr 9;13(4):665. doi: 10.3390/genes13040665.

Winkler EA, Kim CN, Ross JM, Garcia JH, Gil E, Oh I, Chen LQ, Wu D, Catapano JS, Raygor K, Narsinh K, Kim H, Weinsheimer S, Cooke DL, Walcott BP, Lawton MT, Gupta N, Zlokovic BV, Chang EF, Abla AA, Lim DA, Nowakowski TJ. A single-cell atlas of the normal and malformed human brain vasculature. Science. 2022 Mar 4;375(6584):eabi7377. doi: 10.1126/science.abi7377. Epub 2022 Mar 4.

Sheth KN, Anderson CD, Biffi A, Dlamini N, Falcone GJ, Fox CK, Fullerton HJ, Greenberg SM, Hemphill JC, Kim A, Kim H, Ko NU, Roland JL, Sansing LH, van Veluw SJ, Rosand J. Maximizing Brain Health After Hemorrhagic Stroke: Bugher Foundation Centers of Excellence. Stroke. 2022 Mar;53(3):1020-1029. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.036197. Epub 2022 Feb 3.

Cardinell JL, Ramjist JM, Chen C, Shi W, Nguyen NQ, Yeretsian T, Choi M, Chen D, Clark DS, Curtis A, Kim H, Faughnan ME, Yang VXD; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Quantification metrics for telangiectasia using optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep. 2022 Feb 2;12(1):1805. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05272-1.

Narsinh KH, Paez R, Mueller K, Caton MT, Baker A, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Amans MR, Hetts SW, Norbash AM, Cooke DL. Robotics for neuroendovascular intervention: Background and primer. Neuroradiol J. 2022 Feb;35(1):25-35. doi: 10.1177/19714009211034829. Epub 2021 Aug 16.

Gill RE, Tang B, Smegal L, Adamek JH, McAuliffe D, Lakshmanan BM, Srivastava S, Quain AM, Sebold AJ, Lin DDM, Kossoff EH, Caffo B, Comi AM, Ewen JB. Quantitative EEG improves prediction of Sturge-Weber syndrome in infants with port-wine birthmark. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021 Oct;132(10):2440-2446. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.06.030. Epub 2021 Aug 5.

Thompson KP, Nelson J, Kim H, Weinsheimer SM, Marchuk DA, Lawton MT, Krings T, Faughnan ME; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Utility of modified Rankin Scale for brain vascular malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021 Sep 19;16(1):390. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-02012-y.

Choksi F, Weinsheimer S, Nelson J, Pawlikowska L, Fox CK, Zafar A, Mabray MC, Zabramski J, Akers A, Hart BL, Morrison L, McCulloch CE, Kim H. Assessing the association of common genetic variants in EPHB4 and RASA1 with phenotype severity in familial cerebral cavernous malformation. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2021 Sep 7:e1794. doi: 10.1002/mgg3.1794. Online ahead of print.

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are collections of small blood vessels in the brain that are enlarged and irregular in structure, leading to altered blood flow. While approximately 25 percent of individuals with CCMs never experience any related medical problems, other people with CCMs may experience serious symptoms such as headaches, seizures, paralysis, hearing or vision deficiencies, and cerebral hemorrhage. In addition to lesions in the brain, familial cases have lesions present on the skin. Interestingly, similar appearing skin lesions have been reported in another inherited vascular disease called capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM), which is caused by mutations in RASA1 and EPHB4. In this study, researchers investigated whether common variants in the EPHB4 and RASA1 genes are associated with familial CCM disease severity, including intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), total lesions, and large lesion counts. They found that EPHB4 variants were not associated with CCM severity, but a common RASA1 variant may be associated with ICH and large lesion count. These findings could improve understanding of the natural history of CCM, leading to better predictions of disease course and new medical therapies for treatment.

Wetzel-Strong SE, Weinsheimer S, Nelson J, Pawlikowska L, Clark D, Starr MD, Liu Y, Kim H, Faughnan ME, Nixon AB, Marchuk DA. Pilot investigation of circulating angiogenic and inflammatory biomarkers associated with vascular malformations. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021 Sep 3;16(1):372. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-02009-7.

Vascular malformations are growths composed of blood vessels involving arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymphatics. Patients with vascular malformations in the central nervous system may experience a range of debilitating or life-threatening symptoms including seizures, headaches, and increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Due to their inaccessible location, these malformations are difficult to monitor and treat. Therefore, biomarkers from a non-invasive tissue source, such as blood, may aid in predicting disease severity and outcomes. In this study, researchers compared circulating biomarker levels in plasma from patients with sporadic brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM), familial cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). They found that biomarkers may be unique to each type of vascular malformation, indicating potential usefulness in assessing phenotypic traits of vascular malformations.

Fox CK, Nelson J, McCulloch CE, Weinsheimer S, Pawlikowska L, Hart B, Mabray M, Zafar A, Morrison L, Zabramski JM, Akers A, Kim H. Seizure Incidence Rates in Children and Adults With Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Neurology. 2021 Aug 13;97(12):e1210-6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012569. Online ahead of print.

Sabeti S, Ball KL, Bhattacharya SK, Bitrian E, Blieden LS, Brandt JD, Burkhart C, Chugani HT, Falchek SJ, Jain BG, Juhasz C, Loeb JA, Luat A, Pinto A, Segal E, Salvin J, Kelly KM. Consensus Statement for the Management and Treatment of Sturge-Weber Syndrome: Neurology, Neuroimaging, and Ophthalmology Recommendations. Pediatr Neurol. 2021 Aug;121:59-66. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.04.013. Epub 2021 May 6.

Keränen S, Suutarinen S, Mallick R, Laakkonen JP, Guo D, Pawlikowska L, Jahromi BR, Rauramaa T, Ylä-Herttuala S, Marchuk D, Krings T, Koivisto T, Lawton M, Radovanovic I, Kim H, Faughnan ME, Frösen J. Cyclo-oxygenase 2, a putative mediator of vessel remodeling, is expressed in the brain AVM vessels and associates with inflammation. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021 Sep;163(9):2503-2514. doi: 10.1007/s00701-021-04895-z. Epub 2021 Jun 29.

Brain ateriovenous malformations (bAVM) are rare vascular anomalies that may bleed causing epilepsy, neurological deficits, or death. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX2) is an enzyme that plays a key role in promoting inflammation. Researchers examined tissue samples from surgery of 139 patients with bAVMs and compared them to 21 normal samples. They were seeking to determine if COX2 is expressed in bAVMs and whether it associates with inflammation and hemorrhage in these lesions. They concluded that COX2 is induced in bAVMs, and possibly participates in the regulation of vessel wall remodeling and ongoing inflammation. Authors suggest that COX2 may be a target for drug therapy stabilizing bAVMs.

Mirza MH, Schwertner A, Kohlbrenner R, Dowd CF, Narsinh KH. Intracranial hemorrhage due to central venous occlusion from hemodialysis access: A case report. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2021 Jun;24:101081. doi: 10.1016/j.inat.2020.101081. Epub 2021 Jan 4.

Narsinh KH, Caton MT, Mahmood NF, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Hetts SW, Amans MR, Dowd CF, Cooke DL. Intrasaccular flow disruption (WEB) of a large wide-necked basilar apex aneurysm using PulseRider-assistance. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2021 Jun;24:101072. doi: 10.1016/j.inat.2020.101072. Epub 2020 Dec 29.

Smegal LF, Sebold AJ, Hammill AM, Juhász C, Lo WD, Miles DK, Wilfong AA, Levin AV, Fisher B, Ball KL, Pinto AL, Comi AM; National Institutes of Health Sponsor: Rare Disease Clinical Research Consortium (RDCRN) Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium (BVMC) SWS Investigator Group. Multicenter Research Data of Epilepsy Management in Patients With Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2021 Jun;119:3-10. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.02.006. Epub 2021 Mar 5.

Zhang Q, Wang C, Cannavicci A, Faughnan ME, Kutryk MJB. Endoglin deficiency impairs VEGFR2 but not FGFR1 or TIE2 activation and alters VEGF-mediated cellular responses in human primary endothelial cells. Transl Res. 2021 Sep;235:129-143. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.04.005. Epub 2021 Apr 22.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an inherited disorder of the blood vessels that can cause excessive bleeding. People with HHT can develop abnormal blood vessels called arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in several areas of the body, including the skin, brain, lungs, liver, or intestines. Endoglin (ENG) is one of the genes commonly mutated in this autosomal dominant disease. In this study, researchers sought to investigate the interplay of the ENG gene with several other genes in endothelial cells. They found that ENG deficiency alters the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGFR2 pathway, which may play a role in the development of HHT.

Narsinh KH, Kilbride BF, Mueller K, Murph D, Copelan A, Massachi J, Vitt J, Sun CH, Bhat H, Amans MR, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Moore T, Wilson MW, Cooke DL, Hetts SW. Combined Use of X-ray Angiography and Intraprocedural MRI Enables Tissue-based Decision Making Regarding Revascularization during Acute Ischemic Stroke Intervention. Radiology. 2021 Apr;299(1):167-176. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2021202750. Epub 2021 Feb 9.

Thorpe J, Frelin LP, McCann M, Pardo CA, Cohen BA, Comi AM, Pevsner J. Identification of a Mosaic Activating Mutation in GNA11 in Atypical Sturge-Weber Syndrome. J Invest Dermatol. 2021 Mar;141(3):685-688. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.978. Epub 2020 Aug 7.

Sebold AJ, Day AM, Ewen J, Adamek J, Byars A, Cohen B, Kossoff EH, Mizuno T, Ryan M, Sievers J, Smegal L, Suskauer SJ, Thomas C, Vinks A, Zabel TA, Hammill AM, Comi AM. Sirolimus Treatment in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2021 Feb;115:29-40. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.10.013. Epub 2020 Nov 2.

Hart BL, Mabray MC, Morrison L, Whitehead KJ, Kim H. Systemic and CNS manifestations of inherited cerebrovascular malformations. Clin Imaging. 2021 Jul;75:55-66. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.01.020. Epub 2021 Jan 20.

Review paper examines imaging and clinical features of cerebrovascular malformations with a genetic basis, summarizing the current state of knowledge of these conditions, salient features regarding mechanisms of development, and treatment prospects.

Thompson KP, Nelson J, Kim H, Pawlikowska L, Marchuk DA, Lawton MT, Faughnan ME; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Predictors of mortality in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021 Jan 6;16(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s13023-020-01579-2.

Ross JM, Kim C, Allen D, Crouch EE, Narsinh K, Cooke DL, Abla AA, Nowakowski TJ, Winkler EA. The Expanding Cell Diversity of the Brain Vasculature. Front Physiol. 2020 Dec 3;11:600767. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.600767. eCollection 2020.

Narsinh KH, Mueller K, Nelson J, Massachi J, Murph DC, Copelan AZ, Hetts SW, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Abla AA, Amans MR, Dowd CF, Kim H, Cooke DL. Interrater Reliability in the Measurement of Flow Characteristics on Color-Coded Quantitative DSA of Brain AVMs. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020 Dec;41(12):2303-2310. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6846. Epub 2020 Oct 29.

Copelan AZ, Smith ER, Drocton GT, Narsinh KH, Murph D, Khangura RS, Hartley ZJ, Abla AA, Dillon WP, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Hetts SW, Cooke DL, Keenan K, Nelson J, Mccoy D, Ciano M, Amans MR. Recent Administration of Iodinated Contrast Renders Core Infarct Estimation Inaccurate Using RAPID Software. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020 Dec;41(12):2235-2242. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6908. Epub 2020 Nov 19.

Isikbay M, Narsinh KH, Arroyo S, Smith WS, Cooke DL, Higashida RT, Amans MR. Computed tomography perfusion abnormalities after carotid endarterectomy help in the diagnosis of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2020 Oct 27;7(1):171-175. doi: 10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.10.010. eCollection 2021 Mar.

Cannavicci A, Zhang Q, Kutryk MJB. Non-Coding RNAs and Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. J Clin Med. 2020 Oct 17;9(10):3333. doi: 10.3390/jcm9103333.

Copelan A, Drocton G, Caton MT, Smith ER, Cooke DL, Nelson J, Abla AA, Fox C, Amans MR, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Lawton MT, Kim H, Fullerton HJ, Gupta N, Hetts SW; UCSF Center For Cerebrovascular Research and UCSF Pediatric Brain Center. Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Recurrence After Apparent Microsurgical Cure: Increased Risk in Children Who Present With Arteriovenous Malformation Rupture. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):2990-2996. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030135. Epub 2020 Sep 11.

Morshed RA, Abla AA, Murph D, Dao JM, Winkler EA, Burkhardt JK, Colao K, Hetts SW, Fullerton HJ, Lawton MT, Gupta N, Fox CK. Clinical outcomes after revascularization for pediatric moyamoya disease and syndrome: A single-center series. J Clin Neurosci. 2020 Sep;79:137-143. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.016. Epub 2020 Aug 19.

Kilian A, Latino GA, White AJ, Clark D, Chakinala MM, Ratjen F, McDonald J, Whitehead K, Gossage JR, Lin D, Henderson K, Pollak J, McWilliams JP, Kim H, Lawton MT, Faughnan ME; the Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Children with HHT. J Clin Med. 2020 Aug 22;9(9):2714. doi: 10.3390/jcm9092714.

Mabray MC, Caprihan A, Nelson J, McCulloch CE, Zafar A, Kim H, Hart BL, Morrison L. Effect of Simvastatin on Permeability in Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Type 1 Patients: Results from a Pilot Small Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Transl Stroke Res. 2020 Jun;11(3):319-321. doi: 10.1007/s12975-019-00737-4. Epub 2019 Oct 23.

Mabray MC, Starcevich J, Hallstrom J, Robinson M, Bartlett M, Nelson J, Zafar A, Kim H, Morrison L, Hart BL. High Prevalence of Spinal Cord Cavernous Malformations in the Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations Type 1 Cohort. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020 Jun;41(6):1126-1130. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6584. Epub 2020 May 28.

Polster SP, Sharma A, Tanes C, Tang AT, Mericko P, Cao Y, Carrión-Penagos J, Girard R, Koskimäki J, Zhang D, Stadnik A, Romanos SG, Lyne SB, Shenkar R, Yan K, Lee C, Akers A, Morrison L, Robinson M, Zafar A, Bittinger K, Kim H, Gilbert JA, Kahn ML, Shen L, Awad IA. Permissive microbiome characterizes human subjects with a neurovascular disease cavernous angioma. Nat Commun. 2020 May 27;11(1):2659. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16436-w.

Manole AK, Forrester VJ, Zlotoff BJ, Hart BL, Morrison LA. Cutaneous findings of familial cerebral cavernous malformation syndrome due to the common Hispanic mutation. Am J Med Genet A. 2020 May;182(5):1066-1072. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61519. Epub 2020 Feb 26.

Campbell R, Petranovich CL, Cheek S, Morrison L, Hart B. Subjective Cognitive Concerns and Attitudes toward Genetic Testing Are Associated with Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life after Genetic Testing for the Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Common Hispanic Mutation (CCM1). J Behav Brain Sci. 2020 Feb;10(2):118-127. doi: 10.4236/jbbs.2020.102007. Epub 2020 Feb 25.

Tandberg SR, Bocklage T, Bartlett MR, Morrison LA, Nelson J, Hart BL. Vertebral Intraosseous Vascular Malformations in a Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Population: Prevalence, Histologic Features, and Associations With CNS Disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020 Feb;214(2):428-436. doi: 10.2214/AJR.19.21492. Epub 2019 Dec 11.

Choquet H, Kim H. Genome-wide Genotyping of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Type 1 Individuals to Identify Genetic Modifiers of Disease Severity. Methods Mol Biol. 2020;2152:77-84. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0640-7_6.

Shirali AS, Lluri G, Guihard PJ, Conrad MB, Kim H, Pawlikowska L, Boström KI, Iruela-Arispe ML, Aboulhosn JA. Angiopoietin-2 predicts morbidity in adults with Fontan physiology. Sci Rep. 2019 Dec 4;9(1):18328. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54776-w.

Harmon KA, Day AM, Hammill AM, Pinto AL, McCulloch CE, Comi AM; National Institutes of Health Rare Disease Clinical Research Consortium (RDCRN) Brain and Vascular Malformation Consortium (BVMC) SWS Investigator Group. Quality of Life in Children With Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2019 Dec;101:26-32. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.04.004. Epub 2019 Apr 24.

Cho S, Maharathi B, Ball KL, Loeb JA, Pevsner J. Sturge-Weber Syndrome Patient Registry: Delayed Diagnosis and Poor Seizure Control. J Pediatr. 2019 Dec;215:158-163.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.08.025. Epub 2019 Oct 3.

Tang AT, Sullivan KR, Hong CC, Goddard LM, Mahadevan A, Ren A, Pardo H, Peiper A, Griffin E, Tanes C, Mattei LM, Yang J, Li L, Mericko-Ishizuka P, Shen L, Hobson N, Girard R, Lightle R, Moore T, Shenkar R, Polster SP, Roedel CJ, Li N, Zhu Q, Whitehead KJ, Zheng X, Akers A, Morrison L, Kim H, Bittinger K, Lengner CJ, Schwaninger M, Velcich A, Augenlicht L, Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Min W, Marchuk DA, Awad IA, Kahn ML. Distinct cellular roles for PDCD10 define a gut-brain axis in cerebral cavernous malformation. Sci Transl Med. 2019 Nov 27;11(520):eaaw3521. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw3521.

Day AM, McCulloch CE, Hammill AM, Juhász C, Lo WD, Pinto AL, Miles DK, Fisher BJ, Ball KL, Wilfong AA, Levin AV, Thau AJ, Comi AM; National Institute of Health Sponsor: Rare Disease Clinical Research Consortium (RDCRN) Brain and Vascular Malformation Consortium (BVMC) SWS Investigator Group, Koenig JI, Lawton MT, Marchuk DA, Moses MA, Freedman SF, Pevsner J. Physical and Family History Variables Associated With Neurological and Cognitive Development in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2019 Jul;96:30-36. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.12.002. Epub 2018 Dec 20.

Cannavicci A, Zhang Q, Dai SC, Faughnan ME, Kutryk MJB. Decreased levels of miR-28-5p and miR-361-3p and increased levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 mRNA in mononuclear cells from patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (1). Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2019 Jun;97(6):562-569. doi: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0508. Epub 2018 Dec 4.

Zafar A, Quadri SA, Farooqui M, Ikram A, Robinson M, Hart BL, Mabray MC, Vigil C, Tang AT, Kahn ML, Yonas H, Lawton MT, Kim H, Morrison L. Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Stroke. 2019 May;50(5):1294-1301. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.022314.

Wellman RJ, Cho SB, Singh P, Tune M, Pardo CA, Comi AM; BVMC Sturge–Weber syndrome Project Workgroup. Gαq and hyper-phosphorylated ERK expression in Sturge-Weber syndrome leptomeningeal blood vessel endothelial cells. Vasc Med. 2019 Feb;24(1):72-75. doi: 10.1177/1358863X18786068. Epub 2018 Aug 16.

Klostranec JM, Chen L, Mathur S, McDonald J, Faughnan ME, Ratjen F, Krings T. A theory for polymicrogyria and brain arteriovenous malformations in HHT. Neurology. 2019 Jan 1;92(1):34-42. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006686.

Day AM, Hammill AM, Juhász C, Pinto AL, Roach ES, McCulloch CE, Comi AM; National Institutes of Health Sponsor: Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN) Brain and Vascular Malformation Consortium (BVMC) SWS Investigator Group. Hypothesis: Presymptomatic treatment of Sturge-Weber Syndrome With Aspirin and Antiepileptic Drugs May Delay Seizure Onset. Pediatr Neurol. 2019 Jan;90:8-12. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.04.009. Epub 2018 Nov 24.

Morrison MA, Payabvash S, Chen Y, Avadiappan S, Shah M, Zou X, Hess CP, Lupo JM. A user-guided tool for semi-automated cerebral microbleed detection and volume segmentation: Evaluating vascular injury and data labelling for machine learning. Neuroimage Clin. 2018 Aug 4;20:498-505. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.08.002. eCollection 2018.

De la Torre AJ, Luat AF, Juhász C, Ho ML, Argersinger DP, Cavuoto KM, Enriquez-Algeciras M, Tikkanen S, North P, Burkhart CN, Chugani HT, Ball KL, Pinto AL, Loeb JA. A Multidisciplinary Consensus for Clinical Care and Research Needs for Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2018 Jul;84:11-20. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.04.005. Epub 2018 Apr 18.

Pawlikowska L, Nelson J, Guo DE, McCulloch CE, Lawton MT, Kim H, Faughnan ME; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Association of common candidate variants with vascular malformations and intracranial hemorrhage in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2018 May;6(3):350-356. doi: 10.1002/mgg3.377. Epub 2018 Mar 6.

Walcott BP, Winkler EA, Zhou S, Birk H, Guo D, Koch MJ, Stapleton CJ, Spiegelman D, Dionne-Laporte A, Dion PA, Kahle KT, Rouleau GA, Lawton MT. Identification of a rare BMP pathway mutation in a non-syndromic human brain arteriovenous malformation via exome sequencing. Hum Genome Var. 2018 Mar 8;5:18001. doi: 10.1038/hgv.2018.1. eCollection 2018.

Meybodi AT, Kim H, Nelson J, Hetts SW, Krings T, terBrugge KG, Faughnan ME, Lawton MT; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Surgical Treatment vs Nonsurgical Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformations in Patients with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: A Retrospective Multicenter Consortium Study. Neurosurgery. 2018 Jan 1;82(1):35-47. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyx168.

Offermann EA, Sreenivasan A, DeJong MR, Lin DDM, McCulloch CE, Chung MG, Comi AM; National Institute of Health Sponsor; Rare Disease Clinical Research Consortium (RDCRN); Brain and Vascular Malformation Consortium (BVMC); National Sturge-Weber Syndrome Workgroup. Reliability and Clinical Correlation of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2017 Sep;74:15-23.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.04.026. Epub 2017 May 8.

Dymerska M, Kirkorian AY, Offermann EA, Lin DD, Comi AM, Cohen BA. Size of Facial Port-Wine Birthmark May Predict Neurologic Outcome in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. J Pediatr. 2017 Sep;188:205-209.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.05.053. Epub 2017 Jul 12.

Strickland CD, Eberhardt SC, Bartlett MR, Nelson J, Kim H, Morrison LA, Hart BL. Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations Are Associated with Adrenal Calcifications on CT Scans: An Imaging Biomarker for a Hereditary Cerebrovascular Condition. Radiology. 2017 Aug;284(2):443-450. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2017161127. Epub 2017 Mar 20.

Zou X, Hart BL, Mabray M, Bartlett MR, Bian W, Nelson J, Morrison LA, McCulloch CE, Hess CP, Lupo JM, Kim H. Automated algorithm for counting microbleeds in patients with familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Neuroradiology. 2017 Jul;59(7):685-690. doi: 10.1007/s00234-017-1845-8. Epub 2017 May 22.

Kasthuri RS, Montifar M, Nelson J, Kim H, Lawton MT, Faughnan ME; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Prevalence and predictors of anemia in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Hematol. 2017 Jun 22:10.1002/ajh.24832. doi: 10.1002/ajh.24832. Online ahead of print.

Tang AT, Choi JP, Kotzin JJ, Yang Y, Hong CC, Hobson N, Girard R, Zeineddine HA, Lightle R, Moore T, Cao Y, Shenkar R, Chen M, Mericko P, Yang J, Li L, Tanes C, Kobuley D, Võsa U, Whitehead KJ, Li DY, Franke L, Hart B, Schwaninger M, Henao-Mejia J, Morrison L, Kim H, Awad IA, Zheng X, Kahn ML. Endothelial TLR4 and the microbiome drive cerebral cavernous malformations. Nature. 2017 May 18;545(7654):305-310. doi: 10.1038/nature22075. Epub 2017 May 10.

Lo WD, Kumar R. Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children and Young Adults. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2017 Feb;23(1, Cerebrovascular Disease):158-180. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000438.

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Kaplan EH, Kossoff EH, Bachur CD, Gholston M, Hahn J, Widlus M, Comi AM. Anticonvulsant Efficacy in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2016 May;58:31-6. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.10.015. Epub 2016 Jan 11.

Comi AM, Sahin M, Hammill A, Kaplan EH, Juhász C, North P, Ball KL, Levin AV, Cohen B, Morris J, Lo W, Roach ES; 2015 Sturge-Weber Syndrome Research Workshop. Leveraging a Sturge-Weber Gene Discovery: An Agenda for Future Research. Pediatr Neurol. 2016 May;58:12-24. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.11.009. Epub 2016 Mar 16.

Choquet H, Trapani E, Goitre L, Trabalzini L, Akers A, Fontanella M, Hart BL, Morrison LA, Pawlikowska L, Kim H, Retta SF. Cytochrome P450 and matrix metalloproteinase genetic modifiers of disease severity in Cerebral Cavernous Malformation type 1. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016 Mar;92:100-109. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.008. Epub 2016 Jan 19.

Kavanaugh B, Sreenivasan A, Bachur C, Papazoglou A, Comi A, Zabel TA. [Formula: see text]Intellectual and adaptive functioning in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Child Neuropsychol. 2016;22(6):635-48. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1028349. Epub 2015 May 8.

Comi A. Current Therapeutic Options in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2015 Dec;22(4):295-301. doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2015.10.005. Epub 2015 Nov 11.

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Hart BL, Ketai L. Armies of pestilence: CNS infections as potential weapons of mass destruction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 Jun;36(6):1018-25. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4177. Epub 2014 Dec 4.

Pawlikowska L, Nelson J, Guo DE, McCulloch CE, Lawton MT, Young WL, Kim H, Faughnan ME; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. The ACVRL1 c.314-35A>G polymorphism is associated with organ vascular malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients with ENG mutations, but not in patients with ACVRL1 mutations. Am J Med Genet A. 2015 Jun;167(6):1262-7. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36936. Epub 2015 Apr 2.

Kim H, Nelson J, Krings T, terBrugge KG, McCulloch CE, Lawton MT, Young WL, Faughnan ME; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Hemorrhage rates from brain arteriovenous malformation in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Stroke. 2015 May;46(5):1362-4. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007367. Epub 2015 Apr 9.

Golden MJ, Morrison LA, Kim H, Hart BL. Increased number of white matter lesions in patients with familial cerebral cavernous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 May;36(5):899-903. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4200. Epub 2015 Jan 2.

Krings T, Kim H, Power S, Nelson J, Faughnan ME, Young WL, terBrugge KG; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Neurovascular manifestations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: imaging features and genotype-phenotype correlations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 May;36(5):863-70. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4210. Epub 2015 Jan 8.

Golden M, Saeidi S, Liem B, Marchand E, Morrison L, Hart B. Sensitivity of patients with familial cerebral cavernous malformations to therapeutic radiation. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2015 Feb;59(1):134-6. doi: 10.1111/1754-9485.12269. Epub 2015 Jan 7.

Comi AM. Sturge-Weber syndrome. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015;132:157-68. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-62702-5.00011-1.

Latino GA, Kim H, Nelson J, Pawlikowska L, Young W, Faughnan ME; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group. Severity score for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014 Dec 29;9:188. doi: 10.1186/s13023-014-0188-3.

Reidy TG, Suskauer SJ, Bachur CD, McCulloch CE, Comi AM. Preliminary reliability and validity of a battery for assessing functional skills in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst. 2014 Dec;30(12):2027-36. doi: 10.1007/s00381-014-2573-6. Epub 2014 Oct 26.

Lance EI, Lanier KE, Zabel TA, Comi AM. Stimulant use in patients with sturge-weber syndrome: safety and efficacy. Pediatr Neurol. 2014 Nov;51(5):675-80. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.11.009. Epub 2013 Nov 21.

Cheng KH, Mariampillai A, Lee KK, Vuong B, Luk TW, Ramjist J, Curtis A, Jakubovic H, Kertes P, Letarte M, Faughnan ME; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT Investigator Group, Yang VX. Histogram flow mapping with optical coherence tomography for in vivo skin angiography of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Biomed Opt. 2014 Aug;19(8):086015. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.19.8.086015.

Choquet H, Nelson J, Pawlikowska L, McCulloch CE, Akers A, Baca B, Khan Y, Hart B, Morrison L, Kim H. Association of cardiovascular risk factors with disease severity in cerebral cavernous malformation type 1 subjects with the common Hispanic mutation. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;37(1):57-63. doi: 10.1159/000356839. Epub 2013 Dec 21.

Choquet H, Pawlikowska L, Nelson J, McCulloch CE, Akers A, Baca B, Khan Y, Hart B, Morrison L, Kim H; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium (BVMC) Study. Polymorphisms in inflammatory and immune response genes associated with cerebral cavernous malformation type 1 severity. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;38(6):433-40. doi: 10.1159/000369200. Epub 2014 Dec 3.

Hart BL, Taheri S, Rosenberg GA, Morrison LA. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI evaluation of cerebral cavernous malformations. Transl Stroke Res. 2013 Oct;4(5):500-6. doi: 10.1007/s12975-013-0285-y. Epub 2013 Sep 21.

Bachur CD, Comi AM. Sturge-weber syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2013 Oct;15(5):607-17. doi: 10.1007/s11940-013-0253-6.

Arora KS, Quigley HA, Comi AM, Miller RB, Jampel HD. Increased choroidal thickness in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013 Sep;131(9):1216-9. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4044.

Sreenivasan AK, Bachur CD, Lanier KE, Curatolo AS, Connors SM, Moses MA, Comi AM. Urine vascular biomarkers in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Vasc Med. 2013 Jun;18(3):122-8. doi: 10.1177/1358863X13486312.

Shirley MD, Tang H, Gallione CJ, Baugher JD, Frelin LP, Cohen B, North PE, Marchuk DA, Comi AM, Pevsner J. Sturge-Weber syndrome and port-wine stains caused by somatic mutation in GNAQ. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 23;368(21):1971-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1213507. Epub 2013 May 8.

Lopez J, Yeom KW, Comi A, Van Haren K. Case report of subdural hematoma in a patient with Sturge-Weber syndrome and literature review: questions and implications for therapy. J Child Neurol. 2013 May;28(5):672-5. doi: 10.1177/0883073812449514. Epub 2012 Jul 17.

Akers AL, Ball KL, Clancy M, Comi AM, Faughnan ME, Gopal-Srivastava R, Jacobs TP, Kim H, Krischer J, Marchuk DA, McCulloch CE, Morrison L, Moses M, Moy CS, Pawlikowska L, Young WL. Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium: Overview, Progress and Future Directions. J Rare Disord. 2013 Apr 1;1(1):5.

Lance EI, Sreenivasan AK, Zabel TA, Kossoff EH, Comi AM. Aspirin use in Sturge-Weber syndrome: side effects and clinical outcomes. J Child Neurol. 2013 Feb;28(2):213-8. doi: 10.1177/0883073812463607. Epub 2012 Oct 30.

Siddique L, Sreenivasan A, Comi AM, Germain-Lee EL. Importance of utilizing a sensitive free thyroxine assay in Sturge-Weber syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2013 Feb;28(2):269-74. doi: 10.1177/0883073812463606. Epub 2012 Oct 30.

Nishida T, Faughnan ME, Krings T, Chakinala M, Gossage JR, Young WL, Kim H, Pourmohamad T, Henderson KJ, Schrum SD, James M, Quinnine N, Bharatha A, Terbrugge KG, White RI Jr. Brain arteriovenous malformations associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: gene-phenotype correlations. Am J Med Genet A. 2012 Nov;158A(11):2829-34. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35622. Epub 2012 Sep 18.

Lo W, Marchuk DA, Ball KL, Juhász C, Jordan LC, Ewen JB, Comi A; Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium National Sturge-Weber Syndrome Workgroup. Updates and future horizons on the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of Sturge-Weber syndrome brain involvement. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012 Mar;54(3):214-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04169.x. Epub 2011 Dec 23.

Bharatha A, Faughnan ME, Kim H, Pourmohamad T, Krings T, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Pawlikowska L, McCulloch CE, Lawton MT, Dowd CF, Young WL, Terbrugge KG. Brain arteriovenous malformation multiplicity predicts the diagnosis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: quantitative assessment. Stroke. 2012 Jan;43(1):72-8. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.629865. Epub 2011 Oct 27.

Comi AM. Presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of the neurological features of Sturge-Weber syndrome. Neurologist. 2011 Jul;17(4):179-84. doi: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e318220c5b6.

Petersen TA, Morrison LA, Schrader RM, Hart BL. Familial versus sporadic cavernous malformations: differences in developmental venous anomaly association and lesion phenotype. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010 Feb;31(2):377-82. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A1822. Epub 2009 Oct 15.